Energy drinks are just one of the many products on the market claiming to improve running performance, but little research has been conducted to prove this claim.
Researchers tested the effects of a popular energy drink on the performance of recreational runners.
One of the most popular and cost-effective forms of exercise is running. For many recreational runners, running for the sake of health improvements is not enough.
These people are competitive and are continually looking for ways to improve their performance. This is why competitive running enthusiasts and sports performers seek out energy drinks.
Most energy drinks contain ingredients that are claimed to reduce fatigue and elevate concentration. However, while these claims may help to boost sales, there has been little evidence from scientific research to back up many of the ingredients.
Finally, the overuse and long-term effects of energy drink consumption are not clear.
Putting the claims to the test
In one study, researchers set out to determine if consuming energy drinks improves the performance of short-distance, high-intensity runners.
This study, which was published in The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, observed 18 runners between the ages of 18 and 31.
These participants were chosen because they were experienced runners – meaning that they had completed a 5 km run in under 30 minutes and consistently ran at least 20 miles per week.
The individuals completed an initial evaluation, where they ran on a treadmill until exhaustion and afterward completed surveys. Either two or three days after the initial evaluation, participants returned and were randomly selected into one of two groups.
The first group received an energy drink (Red Bull) to consume, while the latter received a non-caffeinated, sugar-free placebo drink. An hour later, everybody ran 5 km on a treadmill.
After the experiment, heart rate, effect, and perceived exertion were recorded. A week later, participants returned to complete the experiment again.
However, if, in the first trial, they consumed the energy drink, they now consumed the placebo and vice versa.
Energy drink benefits
The findings of the study indicate that consuming an energy drink an hour before exercise does help to improve running performance.
Specifically, the findings demonstrate a significant reduction in the amount of time it takes a recreational runner to complete a 5 km run.
Researchers found an average of 30.4 seconds were shaved off the time it took for runners who drank an energy drink to complete this experiment, in comparison to the ones that had ingested the placebo.
Additionally, researchers found that 78% of participants who consumed the energy drink elevated their performance, in comparison to only 22% of those who consumed the placebo. Interestingly, researchers found no difference between heart rate, effect, or perceived exertion between those who had consumed the energy drink and those who had consumed the placebo.
Insights into energy drinks
While these findings are compelling, it is important to note that these results do not give us an insight into how energy drinks work to improve performance.
Furthermore, the researchers of this study were not able to identify which ingredients were responsible for the outcomes or if it was a combination of multiple ingredients interacting together.
Therefore, more research needs to be conducted to answer these lingering questions.
Additionally, these results are specific to a distance of 5 km and may not hold true for longer distances, or even on outdoor terrain, as this experiment was conducted on a treadmill.
Cardiotoxic consequences associated with energy drink abuse
Researchers from the Quebec Lung and Heart Institute described the case of a 26-year-old female who presented with severe heart failure linked to excessive daily consumption of energy drinks.
A case report of an event of severe dilated cardiomyopathy
The case report, published in the Canadian Journal of Cardiology, discusses an event of severe dilated cardiomyopathy, in which the ventricles of the heart dilate, weaken, and lose the ability to pump blood. The woman was previously healthy with no family history of cardiovascular conditions.
Treatment required surgical implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD), a mechanical pump that helps the left ventricle pump blood to the rest of the body.
Following ten months of mechanical support and medication, the patient regained normal cardiac function and the LVAD was removed. The authors demonstrate a notable case of cardiotoxicity triggered by massive energy drink consumption.
Since energy drinks contain many components, the mechanism by which stimulants induce cardiac dysfunction is unclear and requires further research.
The authors concluded that energy drink consumption should be considered a significant public health issue that warrants attention.
Energy drink addiction
The largest group of energy drinkers is young adults in the 18 to 25-year-old range.
Their main reasons for drinking energy drinks include fighting fatigue, staying alert, improving performance in sports and academics, and mixing them with alcohol at parties. The caffeine content in energy drinks can be addictive.
Many young adults do not consume just one drink in a day, but can sometimes drink multiple energy drinks, leading to energy drink addiction.
This can cause a variety of physical and psychological issues.
Physical symptoms of excessive and long-term energy drink consumption can include mild symptoms like heart palpitations, headaches, and withdrawal symptoms, but some more serious side effects include seizures, kidney failure, and, in rare cases, death.
Psychological symptoms include:
- anxiety,
- depression,
- stress,
- post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
- and substance abuse.
Consumption habits of university students
Researchers from Australia looked at the consumption habits of university students who drank one or more energy drinks at least once every two weeks.
They then attempted to re-train the participants’ brains to see if they could change their level of energy drink consumption.
Forty-six percent of the university students tested drank energy drinks on a weekly basis, while 28% drank every two weeks, 21% drank every few days, and six percent drank on a daily basis.
While this statistic is not very surprising considering how popular energy drinks are among young people, what was quite surprising was the number of cans of energy drinks that were consumed in a day. Answers by the student participants ranged from one to 20 cans in a day.
The preferred brand was Red Bull for nearly half the participants, while the rest listed brands like Mother, V, and Monster as their drink of choice.
Approach bias
What the researchers hoped to test was whether they could change the participants’ attention and approach biases toward energy drinks.
Attention bias is the tendency to pay attention to something familiar, like pictures of family members or images of products that are consumed regularly.
Approach bias is the tendency we have to reach for things that are familiar to us and that we want to have. The researchers hoped that reducing attention and/or approach bias might reduce the desire for the participants to drink energy drinks.
Testing attention and approach bias
To test for the attention and approach bias, the university participants played games on computers where their reaction time was tested when shown pictures of energy drinks and pictures of soft drinks that do not contain caffeine.
Then they played a second set of games that were tailored to either guide them to react more strongly towards energy drink cans or less strongly to the drinks.
Finally, their tendency to want to drink energy drinks was tested using a simulated taste test, where the students had to drink four different energy drink samples and four different soft drink samples.
The quantity of the liquids that they drank was measured to see how much they were interested in drinking the energy drinks.
The group that was being trained to reduce approach bias was the only group that showed a slight reduction in the number of energy drinks sampled in the taste test.
However, the change was only slight and did not show any significant improvement in the ability to help control energy drink consumption in young adults.
Researchers suggestion
The researchers suggest that since the participants only had one session of computer brain training, it may not have been enough to make a significant change in drink preference and frequency of consumption.
While energy drink consumption an hour before running can reduce running time, it is important to take caution.
They suggest that multiple sessions might help retrain the brain of energy drink consumers more effectively and that this effect might be stronger in those who think they drink too many energy drinks.
The participants’ motivation to want to reduce their consumption might also improve the results of such a study.
References
- Belzile D, Cinq-Mars A, Bernier M, et al. Do energy drinks really give you wings? Left ventricular assist device therapy as a bridge to recovery for an energy drink-induced cardiomyopathy. Can J Cardiol. 2020;36(2):317.e1-317.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2019.09.011
- Kemps E, Tiggemann M, Cibich M, Cabala A. (2019). Cognitive bias modification for energy drink cues. PLOS ONE, 14(12), e0226387. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226387
- How to head off a Red Bull habit — study. (2020). Retrieved 2 February 2020, from https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-01/fu-hth012920.php
- Prins P, Goss F, Nagle E, Beals K, Robertson R, Lovalekar M, Welton, G. Energy drinks improve five-kilometer running performance in recreational endurance runners. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research; 30(11):p 2979-2990, November 2016. | DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001391
